Bio 3D printing is defined as the three-dimensional printing of materials (bioinks) to fabricate structured constructs for use in biological or medical applications [ASTM F3659-24]. Bio 3D printing enables the precise, layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks—comprising living cells, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules—using computer-aided design. This technique allows the fabrication of complex, functional tissue constructs that closely mimic the structure and function of native tissues. Its ultimate aim is to recreate, repair, and revive lost or damaged tissues and organs. It plays a vital role in regenerative medicine, disease modelling, and drug testing by offering personalised and physiologically relevant biological models